{"title":"Sustainable organometallic catalysis using caffeine-derived NHC–Cu Complexes: toward an efficient and green approach to A3-coupling reactions","authors":"Fatemeh Pirani, Hossein Eshghi","doi":"10.1007/s13738-026-03579-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A highly efficient and environmentally considerate strategy for A<sup>3</sup>-coupling reactions has been developed utilizing a novel copper-NHC complex derived from caffeine as the catalyst. Under optimized conditions, a multicomponent coupling reaction involving benzyl alcohol or benzaldehyde, morpholine, and phenylacetylene was performed, yielding propargylamines in excellent yields of up to 91% within 12 h. The Cu–NHC complex, synthesized from an ethylated caffeine (9-ethyl-1,3,7-trimethylxanthinium iodide) precursor, demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity under mild, additive-free conditions. Furthermore, the sustainable caffeine scaffold is anticipated to align with green chemistry principles, consequently minimizing toxic waste generation and energy consumption. This method offers several advantages, including a short reaction time, high yield, easy work-up. This caffeine-derived Cu–NHC complex establishes a sustainable catalytic system.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","volume":"23 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13738-026-03579-8","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A highly efficient and environmentally considerate strategy for A3-coupling reactions has been developed utilizing a novel copper-NHC complex derived from caffeine as the catalyst. Under optimized conditions, a multicomponent coupling reaction involving benzyl alcohol or benzaldehyde, morpholine, and phenylacetylene was performed, yielding propargylamines in excellent yields of up to 91% within 12 h. The Cu–NHC complex, synthesized from an ethylated caffeine (9-ethyl-1,3,7-trimethylxanthinium iodide) precursor, demonstrated remarkable catalytic activity under mild, additive-free conditions. Furthermore, the sustainable caffeine scaffold is anticipated to align with green chemistry principles, consequently minimizing toxic waste generation and energy consumption. This method offers several advantages, including a short reaction time, high yield, easy work-up. This caffeine-derived Cu–NHC complex establishes a sustainable catalytic system.
期刊介绍：
JICS is an international journal covering general fields of chemistry. JICS welcomes high quality original papers in English dealing with experimental, theoretical and applied research related to all branches of chemistry. These include the fields of analytical, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry as well as the chemical biology area. Review articles discussing specific areas of chemistry of current chemical or biological importance are also published. JICS ensures visibility of your research results to a worldwide audience in science. You are kindly invited to submit your manuscript to the Editor-in-Chief or Regional Editor. All contributions in the form of original papers or short communications will be peer reviewed and published free of charge after acceptance.
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