{"title":"Rapid assessment of stainless steels corrosion by bipolar electrochemistry","authors":"Rahul Shrivastava, Rita Maurya, Prvan Kumar Katiyar","doi":"10.1007/s10008-026-06626-9","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the influence of applied constant current (0.5–2 A) on the localized corrosion behaviour of 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels (ASSs), 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), and 32750 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) using bipolar electrochemical (BPE) testing in freely aerated 3.5% NaCl, where each experiment was conducted for a duration of 2 h. The BPE technique induces spatial anodic-cathodic polarization without direct electrical contact, enabling realistic simulation of crevice and pitting corrosion. Among the investigated grades, 304 ASS exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance, showing the highest weight loss (~ 0.069 g/cm<sup>2</sup>), severe pit coalescence, and deep crevice penetration (~ 610 μm) at 2 A. The addition of Mo in 316 ASS improved performance, reducing weight loss to 0.055 g/cm² and crevice depth to ~ 505 μm. In contrast, 2205 DSS demonstrated significantly enhanced resistance, with weight loss limited to ~ 0.007 g/cm<sup>2</sup> at 2 A, along with shallow crevices (~ 224 μm) and pitting mainly localized at ferrite-austenite interfaces. The highest resistance was observed in 32750 SDSS, which maintained minimal weight loss (0.004 g/cm<sup>2</sup>), very shallow crevices (< 100 μm at 2 A), negligible pitting, and the lowest corrosion volume-to-area ratios. Optical profilometry confirmed extensive penetration in 304 ASS and markedly shallower attack in duplex grades. Raman analysis identified α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH in austenitic steels, indicating sustained active corrosion, whereas γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dominated in 2205 DSS and 32750 SDSS, reflecting more stable corrosion products and improved localized corrosion resistance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":"30 9","pages":"3107 - 3130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2026-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-026-06626-9","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ELECTROCHEMISTRY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of applied constant current (0.5–2 A) on the localized corrosion behaviour of 304 and 316 austenitic stainless steels (ASSs), 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS), and 32750 super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) using bipolar electrochemical (BPE) testing in freely aerated 3.5% NaCl, where each experiment was conducted for a duration of 2 h. The BPE technique induces spatial anodic-cathodic polarization without direct electrical contact, enabling realistic simulation of crevice and pitting corrosion. Among the investigated grades, 304 ASS exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance, showing the highest weight loss (~ 0.069 g/cm2), severe pit coalescence, and deep crevice penetration (~ 610 μm) at 2 A. The addition of Mo in 316 ASS improved performance, reducing weight loss to 0.055 g/cm² and crevice depth to ~ 505 μm. In contrast, 2205 DSS demonstrated significantly enhanced resistance, with weight loss limited to ~ 0.007 g/cm2 at 2 A, along with shallow crevices (~ 224 μm) and pitting mainly localized at ferrite-austenite interfaces. The highest resistance was observed in 32750 SDSS, which maintained minimal weight loss (0.004 g/cm2), very shallow crevices (< 100 μm at 2 A), negligible pitting, and the lowest corrosion volume-to-area ratios. Optical profilometry confirmed extensive penetration in 304 ASS and markedly shallower attack in duplex grades. Raman analysis identified α-FeOOH and γ-FeOOH in austenitic steels, indicating sustained active corrosion, whereas γ-Fe2O3 dominated in 2205 DSS and 32750 SDSS, reflecting more stable corrosion products and improved localized corrosion resistance.
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry is devoted to all aspects of solid-state chemistry and solid-state physics in electrochemistry.
The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry publishes papers on all aspects of electrochemistry of solid compounds, including experimental and theoretical, basic and applied work. It equally publishes papers on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions if at least one actively participating phase is solid. Also of interest are articles on the transport of ions and electrons in solids whenever these processes are relevant to electrochemical reactions and on the use of solid-state electrochemical reactions in the analysis of solids and their surfaces.
The journal covers solid-state electrochemistry and focusses on the following fields: mechanisms of solid-state electrochemical reactions, semiconductor electrochemistry, electrochemical batteries, accumulators and fuel cells, electrochemical mineral leaching, galvanic metal plating, electrochemical potential memory devices, solid-state electrochemical sensors, ion and electron transport in solid materials and polymers, electrocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, corrosion of solid materials, solid-state electroanalysis, electrochemical machining of materials, electrochromism and electrochromic devices, new electrochemical solid-state synthesis.
The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry makes the professional in research and industry aware of this swift progress and its importance for future developments and success in the above-mentioned fields.
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