Common Pitfalls to Avoid While Using Multiobjective Optimization in Machine Learning

Abstract

SIAM Review, Volume 68, Issue 3, Page 656-683, September 2026.
Abstract.Recently, there has been increasing interest in the application of multiobjective optimization (MOO) in machine learning (ML). This interest is driven by the numerous real-life situations in which multiple objectives must be optimized simultaneously. A key aspect of MOO is the existence of a Pareto set, rather than a single optimal solution, which represents the optimal trade-offs between different objectives. Despite its potential, there is a noticeable lack of satisfactory literature serving as an entry-level guide for ML practitioners aiming to apply MOO effectively. In this paper, our goal is to provide such a resource and highlight pitfalls to avoid. We begin by establishing the groundwork for MOO, focusing on well-known approaches such as the weighted sum (WS) method alongside more advanced techniques like the multiobjective gradient descent algorithm (MGDA). We critically review existing studies across various ML fields in which MOO has been applied and identify challenges that can lead to incorrect interpretations. One of these fields is physics informed neural networks (PINNs), which we use as a guiding example to carefully construct experiments illustrating these pitfalls. By comparing WS and MGDA with one of the most common evolutionary algorithms, NSGA-II, we demonstrate that difficulties can arise regardless of the specific MOO method used. We emphasize the importance of understanding the specific problem, the objective space, and the selected MOO method, while also noting that the neglect of factors such as convergence criteria can result in misleading experiments.