Dual pathways in photo-driven Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for high selective hydrocarbon production

Abstract

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis converts syngas (CO/H₂) to liquid fuels and value-added chemicals, but conventional thermocatalysis requires severe conditions, shows rapid deactivation, and offers limited control over product distributions. This review examines photo-driven Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with a focus on advances reported in the past decade, concentrating on two mechanistic routes: photo-induced thermal catalysis and photothermal synergistic catalysis. We compile progress in materials design that includes support and interface engineering, modulation of the active phase, and rational use of cocatalysts. Pathway control is discussed with emphasis on lowering methane and carbon dioxide formation while steering selectivity to C₂₊ olefins or C₅₊ alkanes under comparatively mild conditions. By contrasting the two routes, the review clarifies differences in energy transduction and the roles of photogenerated charge carriers, and from these differences extracts general principles for selectivity engineering and catalyst stability. Critical gaps are identified, notably quantitative separation of thermal and non-thermal effects, operando elucidation of reaction intermediates, standardized reporting of light and temperature, and long-term durability under realistic feeds. The review closes with research priorities for coupling mechanism-informed catalyst design with thermal management and reactor scale strategies to advance Fischer-Tropsch synthesis toward application.