Redox signaling in development: An emerging frontier.

Abstract

Oxygen availability is crucial for embryonic development, influencing cellular metabolism and signaling within the embryo. Fluctuations in oxygen tension disrupt the equilibrium between glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, leading to localized alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. At physiological levels, ROS, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), act as important signaling molecules. They actively modulate cellular processes through reversible oxidation of critical cysteine residues in redox-sensitive proteins, thereby fine-tuning the activities of various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators. Despite limited studies directly investigating ROS signaling in development, substantial literature suggests that many developmental pathways are influenced by ROS. This review aims to synthesize this existing evidence, explore the molecular mechanisms of thiol-dependent regulation, and examine how disruptions in redox balance impact cell fate decisions, developmental timing, and tissue morphogenesis. Our goal is to catalyze further research in this promising yet heavily underexplored area, highlighting its significance and timeliness.