Indentation in Materials Science: Advances in Theory, Instrumentation, and Multiscale Applications.

Abstract

Introduction: This review systematically examines the advances in micro-nano indentation technology, an innovative method for cross-dimensional extraction of mechanical properties, which overcomes limitations of traditional testing techniques.

Methods: The development of instrumentation and standardization is reviewed. Key theoretical models and analysis methods are discussed, including the Oliver-Pharr method, strain gradient plasticity, viscoelastic models, and the Laugier model for fracture toughness. Recent patent-related innovations in hardware, such as in-situ high-temperature/vacuum systems (e.g., CN112229752A, CN117129355A) and high-speed sampling technologies, are highlighted.

Results: The indentation response across various material systems (metals, ceramics, biomaterials, composites, flexible electronics, 2D materials) is analyzed. Case studies demonstrate successful applications in industrial coating evaluation, revealing Hall-Petch relationship anomalies in nanocrystalline metals, and inspiring biomimetic material design.

Discussion: Challenges like surface roughness effects and instrument response delay during highstrain- rate testing are addressed, alongside solutions involving surface pretreatment and novel noisereduction algorithms (e.g., patent CN202411212667.8).

Conclusion: Nanoindentation technology shows strong interdisciplinary potential. Future development should focus on in-situ multimodal systems, machine learning integration, standardization, and extreme environment testing, facilitating its transition from a characterization tool to a design platform. Relevant patented technologies play a crucial role in this evolution.