Association between exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review.

Abstract

Objective: To summarize the available evidence on the association between endocrine disruptors and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods: A search was conducted in the MEDLINE (via PubMed); Science direct, Scopus and LILIACS databases for relevant studies published between 2013 and 2025. The inclusion criteria covered cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies published in English or Spanish. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists, and the results were synthesized descriptively. The articles retrieved were reviewed by two evaluators; 49 were chosen for full-text review, 30 were included in the qualitative analysis.

Results: This systematic review found that bisphenol A (BPA) is the most frequently associated endocrine disruptor with PCOS. This compound interferes with steroidogenesis by mimicking estrogen, which may contribute to insulin resistance and androgen dysfunction. Additionally, phthalates were found to be related to elevated androgen levels and ovarian dysfunction, while triclosan and cadmium were associated with hormonal imbalances affecting ovarian reserve and testosterone levels. Furthermore, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were linked to reduced ovarian reserve and a higher prevalence of PCOS.

Conclusions: The results of this review highlight the role of endocrine disruptors in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome, emphasizing the need for further research to identify emerging disruptors and their potential mechanisms in the development of this disease. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt public health measures aimed at minimizing exposure to these compounds, particularly in women who are more susceptible to developing PCOS.