Indigenous Harvest Practices, Seasonality, and Market Pathways of Small-Scale Clam Fisheries in Coastal Bangladesh

Abstract

This study assesses the current status, indigenous harvesting techniques, seasonal dynamics and market value chain to identify constraints and opportunities of the small-scale clam fishery along the southeast coast of Bangladesh. Data were collected from 216 stakeholders across 11 coastal sites using structured interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, t-tests, Pearson correlation) were conducted to examine spatial and gender-based variations in harvesting efficiency. Results indicate that clam harvesting is practised year-round, peaking between November and May. Women collectors demonstrated harvesting efficiency comparable to men (catch per trip: t(86) = 0.96, p > 0.05). The primary methods include hand-picking, with local innovations such as manually operated oxygen pumps, the Teda probing tool and homemade dredgers improving efficiency. Key harvest attributes varied significantly among sites, including collecting time (F₅,₈₂ = 10.46, p < 0.001), catch frequency (F₅,₈₂ = 13.05, p < 0.001) and seasonal price (p < 0.001). Nine market channels and 16 stakeholder groups were documented, though middlemen dominate the value chain, limiting collectors’ direct market access. By-products like shells are used in lime production, poultry feed and handicrafts, supporting local livelihoods. Harvest levels were positively associated with site and community. Despite high demand among tribal communities, market growth is constrained by religious perceptions among the Muslim majority, who largely refrain from mollusc consumption. This study highlights the ecological and socio-economic significance of the clam fishery and emphasizes the need for institutional support, integration of indigenous practices and improved market access to advance sustainable coastal development and blue economy goals in Bangladesh.