LV Microgrid With V2G Technologies Applied to Electric Load Flexibility: A Case Study of an University Department

Abstract

The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into microgrids via vehicle-to-grid technology offers a significant opportunity to provide demand-side flexibility. This article presents an experimental analysis of two load demand flexibility (LDF) strategies: LDF-FLAT and LDF-ZERO, implemented within a real-world university microgrid at Sapienza University of Rome, featuring 12.4 kW of PV generation and 6.5 kWh of stationary storage. Experimental tests demonstrate the system's effectiveness in transforming building consumption into a dispatchable resource. Specifically, the LDF-FLAT algorithm successfully flattened consumption peaks from ∼40 kW to a constant target of 15 kW. In the LDF-ZERO scenario, the system achieved near-total grid independence, reducing the grid dependence ratio to 1.8% under sunny conditions and 2.6% under cloudy conditions. The vehicle to grid power ratio reached 97.2%, proving the EV's capability to act as the primary flexibility resource. Furthermore, the control logic ensures battery health by limiting the depth of discharge to 80%, potentially extending the battery life by 300 cycles. These quantitative results validate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed management system in meeting distribution system operator flexibility requirements.