Efficient optical sensing of nitrophenol using low-rank coal-based graphene quantum dots

IF 6.2 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Carbon Letters Pub Date : 2026-06-09 DOI:10.1007/s42823-026-01085-8

Archana Shau, Lokesh Kumar Jangir, Mayadhar Barik, Poonam Kumari

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Abstract

Low-rank coal is typically regarded as waste or underutilized in conventional industries as an energy source. When burned, it generates elevated levels of carbon dioxide (CO₂), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), and fine particulate matter (PM), all of which contribute to global warming and climate change. In this manuscript, we explore the utilization of low-rank coal for the synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) through a straightforward and cost-effective method. The structural characteristics of the GQDs were examined using FTIR and XPS spectroscopy, while their morphology was analyzed through TEM and HR-TEM techniques. The synthesized GQDs exhibited a notable quantum yield of approximately 0.063. Optical kinetic studies demonstrated the high stability of these GQDs. Furthermore, the GQDs were employed as optical probes for the detection of 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol, with a detection limit of 1.44 and 1.89 µmol L^− 1, respectively. A plausible detection mechanism for nitrophenol using GQDs is also discussed.

Graphical Abstract

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低阶煤基石墨烯量子点对硝基苯酚的高效光学传感

在传统工业中，低阶煤通常被视为废物或未充分利用的能源。燃烧时，它会产生高浓度的二氧化碳（CO2）、二氧化硫（SO2）和细颗粒物（PM），所有这些都会导致全球变暖和气候变化。在这篇论文中，我们通过一种简单而经济的方法探索了利用低阶煤合成石墨烯量子点（GQDs）的方法。利用FTIR和XPS分析了GQDs的结构特征，并利用TEM和HR-TEM技术分析了GQDs的形貌。合成的GQDs的量子产率约为0.063。光动力学研究表明这些GQDs具有很高的稳定性。利用GQDs作为光学探针检测4-硝基苯酚和2,4-二硝基苯酚，检出限分别为1.44µmol L−1和1.89µmol L−1。讨论了利用GQDs检测硝基酚的可行机制。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Carbon Letters CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

7.30

自引率

20.00%

发文量

118

期刊介绍： Carbon Letters aims to be a comprehensive journal with complete coverage of carbon materials and carbon-rich molecules. These materials range from, but are not limited to, diamond and graphite through chars, semicokes, mesophase substances, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphenes, carbon blacks, activated carbons, pyrolytic carbons, glass-like carbons, etc. Papers on the secondary production of new carbon and composite materials from the above mentioned various carbons are within the scope of the journal. Papers on organic substances, including coals, will be considered only if the research has close relation to the resulting carbon materials. Carbon Letters also seeks to keep abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to unite in finding alternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouse effect and the depletion of the ozone layer. The renewable energy basics, energy storage and conversion, solar energy, wind energy, water energy, nuclear energy, biomass energy, hydrogen production technology, and other clean energy technologies are also within the scope of the journal. Carbon Letters invites original reports of fundamental research in all branches of the theory and practice of carbon science and technology.