What is a symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children? A systematic review on its definition.

IF 2.4 3区医学 Q2 ORTHOPEDICS

Foot and Ankle Surgery Pub Date : 2026-07-10 DOI:10.1016/j.fas.2026.07.007

Maurizio De Pellegrin, Lorenzo Marcucci, Anja Helmers, Christof Radler, Michael Wachowsky, Francois Lintz, Kristian Buedts, Manfred Thomas, Andrzej Grzegorzewski, Antonio Mazzotti

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: The definition of symptomatic FFF in children is still unclear. The aim of this review was to summarize the literature regarding the definition of "symptomatic" considering also new diagnostic tools recently available.

Methods: A systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA using PubMed, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases for the terms: "symptomatic flat foot and children". Reported symptoms at clinical examination and evaluation methods were extracted.

Results: A total of 15 different symptoms were reported: pain (n = 24), dysfunction (n = 16), functional impairment (n = 8), reduced quality of life (n = 6), altered kinetic chain (n = 5), daily activities limitation (n = 5), fatigue (n = 4), sport limitation (n = 3), skin lesions (n = 3), general pain and fatigue (n = 3), tight Achilles tendon (n = 2), gait abnormalities (n = 2), others (n = 3). Eleven reported new different diagnostic tools: gait analysis (n = 7), pedobarography (n = 3), podoscopy (n = 2).

Conclusions: Beyond pain, fourteen additional clinical features have been described. FFF should therefore not be considered symptomatic solely based on presence of pain.

Level of evidence: II.

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什么是儿童有症状的软性扁平足？对其定义的系统回顾。

背景：儿童症状性FFF的定义尚不明确。本综述的目的是总结有关“症状”定义的文献，同时考虑到最近可用的新诊断工具。方法：根据PRISMA检索PubMed、Cochrane Library和Scopus数据库，系统检索“症状性扁平足和儿童”。提取临床检查中报告的症状及评价方法。结果:共15个不同症状报告:疼痛(n = 24),功能障碍(n = 16),功能障碍(n = 8),降低生活质量(n = 6),改变动力链(n = 5),日常活动限制(n = 5),疲劳(n = 4),运动限制(n = 3),皮肤损伤(n = 3),一般疼痛和疲劳(n = 3),紧跟腱(n = 2),步态异常(n = 2),其他(n = 3)。11个报道了新的不同的诊断工具：步态分析（n = 7），足镜检查（n = 3），足镜检查（n = 2）。结论：除疼痛外，还描述了14个额外的临床特征。因此，FFF不应仅仅根据疼痛的存在就被视为症状。证据水平：II。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Foot and Ankle Surgery ORTHOPEDICS-

CiteScore

4.60

自引率

16.00%

发文量

202

期刊介绍： Foot and Ankle Surgery is essential reading for everyone interested in the foot and ankle and its disorders. The approach is broad and includes all aspects of the subject from basic science to clinical management. Problems of both children and adults are included, as is trauma and chronic disease. Foot and Ankle Surgery is the official journal of European Foot and Ankle Society. The aims of this journal are to promote the art and science of ankle and foot surgery, to publish peer-reviewed research articles, to provide regular reviews by acknowledged experts on common problems, and to provide a forum for discussion with letters to the Editors. Reviews of books are also published. Papers are invited for possible publication in Foot and Ankle Surgery on the understanding that the material has not been published elsewhere or accepted for publication in another journal and does not infringe prior copyright.