{"title":"[Transgender health, migraine and headache-Underestimated associations, limited data situation].","authors":"Armin Scheffler, Dagny Holle-Lee","doi":"10.1007/s00482-026-00956-3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Migraine and other headache disorders are highly relevant in the care of transgender patients. Gender-affirming hormone therapies lead to adaptive changes in physiological systems that are typically sexually dimorphic, aligning them with an endocrine milieu corresponding to the affirmed gender. This can substantially influence hormone-dependent components of migraine, such as frequency, intensity and triggering mechanisms. In addition, psychosocial factors play an important role: transgender individuals are often exposed to specific stressors which, within the biopsychosocial model, can directly affect the experience of pain and migraine. The available data are currently very limited and their interpretation is further constrained by small cohorts, predominantly from uncontrolled studies as well as heterogeneous definitions of both headache disorders and the studied populations. Therefore, this article does not claim to be comprehensive but rather provides an overview of the challenges in transgender patients with migraine and other headache disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":21572,"journal":{"name":"Schmerz","volume":" ","pages":"288-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Schmerz","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-026-00956-3","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/7/15 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ANESTHESIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Migraine and other headache disorders are highly relevant in the care of transgender patients. Gender-affirming hormone therapies lead to adaptive changes in physiological systems that are typically sexually dimorphic, aligning them with an endocrine milieu corresponding to the affirmed gender. This can substantially influence hormone-dependent components of migraine, such as frequency, intensity and triggering mechanisms. In addition, psychosocial factors play an important role: transgender individuals are often exposed to specific stressors which, within the biopsychosocial model, can directly affect the experience of pain and migraine. The available data are currently very limited and their interpretation is further constrained by small cohorts, predominantly from uncontrolled studies as well as heterogeneous definitions of both headache disorders and the studied populations. Therefore, this article does not claim to be comprehensive but rather provides an overview of the challenges in transgender patients with migraine and other headache disorders.
期刊介绍：
Der Schmerz is an internationally recognized journal and addresses all scientists, practitioners and psychologists, dealing with the treatment of pain patients or working in pain research. The aim of the journal is to enhance the treatment of pain patients in the long run.
Review articles provide an overview on selected topics and offer the reader a summary of current findings from all fields of pain research, pain management and pain symptom management.
Freely submitted original papers allow the presentation of important clinical studies and serve the scientific exchange.
Case reports feature interesting cases and aim at optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Review articles under the rubric ''Continuing Medical Education'' present verified results of scientific research and their integration into daily practice.
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