Comparative Analysis of Chlorhexidine Derivatives and Alternative Agents on Streptococcus mutans Viability, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression

IF 3.6 3区生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY

MicrobiologyOpen Pub Date : 2026-07-14 DOI:10.1002/mbo3.70360

Hamideh Kamalloo, Mohammadreza Moeininejad, Maryam kiani golshoui, Fatemeh Samadyar, Ali Shivaee, Behrooz Sadeghi Kalani

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Abstract

This study evaluates the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of chlorhexidine and related compounds against S. mutans, focusing on bacterial viability, biofilm formation, and expression of key biofilm genes.

Eight compounds were tested for their chemical properties, MICs, and interactions via FIC analyses. Time-kill assays assessed bactericidal activity over 24 h, while cytotoxicity was evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts. Gene expression of biofilm-related genes was analyzed to determine transcriptional modulation.

Chlorhexidine gluconate and alexidine showed the strongest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 2 μg/mL against the reference strain and 4 μg/mL for clinical isolates. Time-kill results demonstrated bacterial reductions from ~7.2 to < 1.0 log CFU/mL in the reference strain but less effect in clinical isolates. Chlorhexidine reduced biofilm biomass by nearly 19% at 48 h, whereas amoxicillin increased biofilm formation by over 12%. Cytotoxicity varied, with proguanil showing high cell viability (90%), while chlorhexidine and alexidine reduced viability to 50-70%. Gene expression analyzes revealed significant downregulation of gtfD and brpA by chlorhexidine and analogs, contrasting with mild upregulation by amoxicillin.

These findings highlight chlorhexidine compounds as effective anti-biofilm agents, emphasizing the need for continued exploration of alternatives and combination therapies to enhance dental caries treatment.

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氯己定衍生物与替代药物对变形链球菌活力、生物膜形成和基因表达的影响比较分析。

本研究评估了氯己定及其相关化合物对变形链球菌的抗菌和抗生物膜作用，重点研究了细菌活力、生物膜形成和关键生物膜基因的表达。通过FIC分析测试了8种化合物的化学性质、mic和相互作用。时间杀伤试验评估了24小时内的杀菌活性，而细胞毒性评估了人牙龈成纤维细胞。通过分析生物膜相关基因的基因表达来确定转录调控。葡萄糖酸氯己定和alexidine的抑菌活性最强，对参考菌株的mic值为2 μg/mL，对临床分离菌株的mic值为4 μg/mL。时间杀伤结果表明细菌数量从~7.2减少到

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来源期刊

MicrobiologyOpen MICROBIOLOGY-

CiteScore

8.00

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

20 weeks

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