Recent Advances in Nano Sorbent Materials for Solid-Phase Microextraction in Forensic Drug Analysis: Design, Functionalization, and Analytical Performance.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Nano Sorbent Materials for Solid-Phase Microextraction in Forensic Drug Analysis: Design, Functionalization, and Analytical Performance.","authors":"Amal Al-Mosa, Sami Ullah, Abubakr M Idris","doi":"10.1080/10408347.2026.2690150","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has evolved into a key sample preparation technique in forensic drug analysis due to its solvent-free operation, high sensitivity, and compatibility with complex matrices. This review critically evaluates recent advances (2018-2025) in SPME sorbent materials, with particular emphasis on their design, functionalization, and analytical performance. Advanced sorbents, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) materials, and polymeric ionic liquids (PILs), demonstrate significant improvements over conventional coatings such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyacrylate (PA). Reported enhancements include up to 24-fold higher adsorption capacity (SPME Arrow), 1.7-2245-fold increases in enrichment factors (COF-based sorbents), and LOD as low as ≤ 0.25-2 ng/mL in biological matrices. Recovery rates across advanced materials typically range from ∼77% to >100%, with hybrid and HLB-based systems achieving 81-120% and improved matrix tolerance. Additionally, CNT- and MOF-based sorbents exhibit high durability, maintaining performance over 50-300 extraction cycles, while MIP-based systems provide high selectivity with protein exclusion up to 98%. The review systematically correlates sorbent chemistry, fabrication strategies, and extraction mechanisms with analytical figures of merit, including sensitivity, linearity, and precision. By integrating these quantitative comparisons, this work highlights how rational sorbent design enhances extraction efficiency, reduces matrix effects, and improves reproducibility. The findings provide a comprehensive framework for selecting and developing next-generation SPME materials to support reliable, high-throughput, and legally defensible forensic drug analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":10744,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","volume":" ","pages":"1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7000,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Critical reviews in analytical chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2026.2690150","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has evolved into a key sample preparation technique in forensic drug analysis due to its solvent-free operation, high sensitivity, and compatibility with complex matrices. This review critically evaluates recent advances (2018-2025) in SPME sorbent materials, with particular emphasis on their design, functionalization, and analytical performance. Advanced sorbents, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) materials, and polymeric ionic liquids (PILs), demonstrate significant improvements over conventional coatings such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyacrylate (PA). Reported enhancements include up to 24-fold higher adsorption capacity (SPME Arrow), 1.7-2245-fold increases in enrichment factors (COF-based sorbents), and LOD as low as ≤ 0.25-2 ng/mL in biological matrices. Recovery rates across advanced materials typically range from ∼77% to >100%, with hybrid and HLB-based systems achieving 81-120% and improved matrix tolerance. Additionally, CNT- and MOF-based sorbents exhibit high durability, maintaining performance over 50-300 extraction cycles, while MIP-based systems provide high selectivity with protein exclusion up to 98%. The review systematically correlates sorbent chemistry, fabrication strategies, and extraction mechanisms with analytical figures of merit, including sensitivity, linearity, and precision. By integrating these quantitative comparisons, this work highlights how rational sorbent design enhances extraction efficiency, reduces matrix effects, and improves reproducibility. The findings provide a comprehensive framework for selecting and developing next-generation SPME materials to support reliable, high-throughput, and legally defensible forensic drug analysis.
期刊介绍：
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry continues to be a dependable resource for both the expert and the student by providing in-depth, scholarly, insightful reviews of important topics within the discipline of analytical chemistry and related measurement sciences. The journal exclusively publishes review articles that illuminate the underlying science, that evaluate the field''s status by putting recent developments into proper perspective and context, and that speculate on possible future developments. A limited number of articles are of a "tutorial" format written by experts for scientists seeking introduction or clarification in a new area.
This journal serves as a forum for linking various underlying components in broad and interdisciplinary means, while maintaining balance between applied and fundamental research. Topics we are interested in receiving reviews on are the following:
· chemical analysis;
· instrumentation;
· chemometrics;
· analytical biochemistry;
· medicinal analysis;
· forensics;
· environmental sciences;
· applied physics;
· and material science.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
