Free school lunch or packed lunch: The relationship between lunch type, meal quality and family affluence in Norwegian primary schools.

Abstract

Aims: The study investigated meal quality among Norwegian 9-10-year-old students receiving a universal free school lunch (free lunch), and students bringing packed lunches from home, grouped by Family Affluence Scale (FAS).

Methods: Using a causal-comparative design and a convenience sample, meal photographs and a FAS-questionnaire were collected from 4th-grade students at two schools with free lunch (n=84) and three schools with packed lunch (n=113). High- or low-quality foods were determined based on national dietary guidelines, and differences in mean intake investigated using unpaired t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test.

Results: Students with free lunch consumed more wholegrain bread (p=0.002) and dairy products (p<0.001) compared with packed lunch. Students with packed lunch consumed more fruit, white bread and sugary snacks (all p<0.001) compared with those with free lunch. There was a significant interaction between lunch type and FAS for intake of high-quality (p=0.006) and low-quality foods (p<0.001). With free lunch, intake of high-quality foods was higher in high- and medium-FAS compared with low-FAS (p=0.01), while low-quality food intake did not differ. With packed lunch, high-quality food intake did not differ, but low-quality food intake was higher in medium- and low-FAS compared with high-FAS (p<0.001).

Conclusions: In a Norwegian context, a universal free school lunch can be used as a measure to reduce intake of low-quality foods among students with low-FAS, but findings indicate that food choices in free lunch remain influenced by family affluence. Further research should investigate pedagogical measures aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of school meal programmes.