The Development Path of Gynecological Cytology after Papanicolaou: From Bethesda to Artificial Intelligence and Personalized Medicine.

IF 1.5 4区医学 Q3 PATHOLOGY

Acta Cytologica Pub Date : 2026-07-01 DOI:10.1159/000552509

Ivana Kholová, Christine N Booth, Henrik Edvardsson, Ritu Nayar, Giovanni Negri, Liron Pantanowitz

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer whose incidence was significantly reduced with the help of Pap smear and organized cervical cancer screening. Implementation of HPV vaccination and addition of HPV primary screening, automation, and most recently digitalization and application of artificial intelligence have taken cervical cancer prevention into a new era.

Summary: This review paper covers gynecological cytology from terminology and shows The Bethesda System as a model for further terminology systems. Liquid-based cytology enabled the application of ancillary techniques elegantly from one vial as well as digitalization and the implementation of artificial intelligence. HPV primary screening further shaped the field and led to the decline of cytology volumes. Nevertheless, genotyping and dual staining allow the implementation of personalized medicine in screening scenarios.

Key messages: The field of gynecological cytology has slowly but surely evolved from the conventional Pap smear to liquid-based cytology, automation, and now digitalization, artificial intelligence, and inclusion of HPV testing with genotyping enabling personalized prevention in cervical cancer screening and diagnostics.

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帕帕尼科劳后妇科细胞学的发展路径：从贝塞斯达到人工智能和个性化医疗。

背景：子宫颈癌是第四大常见癌症，透过子宫颈抹片检查及有组织的子宫颈癌筛检，发病率显著降低。实施HPV疫苗接种和增加HPV初级筛查，自动化以及最近的数字化和人工智能的应用将宫颈癌预防带入了一个新时代。摘要：这篇综述文章涵盖了从术语妇科细胞学，并显示Bethesda系统作为一个模型，进一步的术语系统。基于液体的细胞学能够从一个小瓶中优雅地应用辅助技术，以及数字化和人工智能的实施。HPV初级筛查进一步塑造了这一领域，并导致细胞学体积的下降。然而，基因分型和双重染色允许在筛查场景中实施个性化医疗。关键信息：妇科细胞学领域已经缓慢但稳步地从传统的巴氏涂片发展到基于液体的细胞学，自动化和现在的数字化，人工智能以及包括HPV检测和基因分型在内的宫颈癌筛查和诊断的个性化预防。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Acta Cytologica 生物-病理学

CiteScore

3.70

自引率

11.10%

发文量

审稿时长

4-8 weeks

期刊介绍： With articles offering an excellent balance between clinical cytology and cytopathology, ''Acta Cytologica'' fosters the understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms behind cytomorphology and thus facilitates the translation of frontline research into clinical practice. As the official journal of the International Academy of Cytology and affiliated to over 50 national cytology societies around the world, ''Acta Cytologica'' evaluates new and existing diagnostic applications of scientific advances as well as their clinical correlations. Original papers, review articles, meta-analyses, novel insights from clinical practice, and letters to the editor cover topics from diagnostic cytopathology, gynecologic and non-gynecologic cytopathology to fine needle aspiration, molecular techniques and their diagnostic applications. As the perfect reference for practical use, ''Acta Cytologica'' addresses a multidisciplinary audience practicing clinical cytopathology, cell biology, oncology, interventional radiology, otorhinolaryngology, gastroenterology, urology, pulmonology and preventive medicine.