Toward personalized healthcare: Advances in two-dimensional nanomaterial-based flexible electrochemical sensors for physiological monitoring

Abstract

As the demand for personalized health monitoring continues to rise, wearable electrochemical biosensors have attracted considerable attention owing to their superior performance. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with their unique layered structure, high specific surface area, and exceptional electrical conductivity, demonstrate substantial potential in biosensing applications. The incorporation of 2D nanomaterials enhances sensor sensitivity, facilitates electron transfer, reduces the detection limit, and improves the ability to detect metabolites at low concentrations. Initially, this review outlines the properties of 2D nanomaterials, and then introduces the synergistic effects of composite materials that combine 2D nanomaterials with different materials to enhance biosensing performance. Subsequently, this paper offers an in-depth discussion of the working principles and various sensing mechanisms of electrochemical biosensors. Based on this foundation, this paper highlights the applications of 2D nanomaterials in detecting biomarkers in human body fluids, including sweat, tears, saliva, and interstitial fluid. Finally, the review analyzes the challenges associated with integrating 2D nanomaterials into wearable biosensors and explores the prospective advancements of these materials within the domain of wearable biosensing.