Molecular detection and phylogenetic characterization of Leptospira interrogans in sheltered dogs from Iraq's Kurdistan Region.

Abstract

Background: Leptospirosis is a major worldwide health concern caused by pathogenic spirochetes from the genus Leptospira. Dogs are a significant reservoir host, particularly in shelter environments, where overcrowding and poor sanitation increase the risk of transmission.

Aim: This study aimed to find Leptospira in protected dogs for the first time, define the leptospira molecularly, and perform a phylogenetic analysis to ascertain the similarities and differences in the sequenced gene among strains from nearby nations.

Methods: Eighty blood and urine samples were collected from sheltered dogs under general anesthesia between May and August 2025. The samples were then subjected to DNA extraction and conventional polymerase chain reaction that targeted the conserved secY gene using phylogenetic analysis and sequencing.

Results: Leptospirosis DNA was found in 23 samples (28.75%), including 11 urine samples (13.75%) and 12 blood samples (15%). Male dogs aged 2-3 years had the highest incidence of infection (23.1%), whereas female dogs had the highest rate (23.5%).

Conclusion: These results highlight the critical need for comprehensive surveillance programs, enhanced biosecurity procedures, and vaccination plans in shelter settings throughout the Kurdistan Region.