{"title":"Enhancing chlorpyrifos degradation and plant growth through biochar-assisted microbial remediation","authors":"Kiran M, Sindhu R, Supreeth M","doi":"10.1007/s10532-026-10328-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The extensive use of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in agriculture has led to persistent soil contamination, posing serious risks to environmental and human health. Developing sustainable, in situ remediation strategies is therefore a priority. This study evaluated an integrated plant-microbe-biochar system for the remediation of CPF-contaminated soils. Indigenous CPF-degrading bacteria were isolated from agricultural soils and screened for degradation efficiency in mineral salts medium (MSM) and soil microcosms. The most efficient isolate, designated C78, was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>. In MSM supplemented with 200 mg/L CPF, <i>K. pneumoniae</i> C78 degraded > 80% of the pesticide within 72 h. The strain also exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, and ammonia production, and retained these functions in the presence of CPF. Soil microcosm and pot experiments were conducted using <i>Ricinus communis</i> L. grown in soils spiked with CPF (100 and 200 mg/kg), with and without biochar amendment and bacterial inoculation. Inoculation with <i>K. pneumoniae</i> C78 significantly accelerated CPF dissipation compared with non-inoculated controls, and the combined treatment with biochar further enhanced degradation, leading to near-complete CPF removal within 21 days. GC–MS/MS analysis showed no accumulation of common toxic intermediates such as 3,5,6–trichloro–2–pyridinol (TCP) or DETP/TMP. Biochar amendment improved soil conditions and supported higher microbial activity, while plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere promoted seed germination, seedling vigor, biomass production, chlorophyll content, and protein levels under CPF stress. Overall, the results demonstrate that integrating CPF-degrading <i>K. pneumoniae</i> C78 with <i>R. communis</i> L<i>.</i> and biochar amendment constitutes a promising, eco-compatible strategy for enhancing CPF degradation and restoring the productivity of contaminated agricultural soils.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":486,"journal":{"name":"Biodegradation","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2000,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10532-026-10328-4.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biodegradation","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10532-026-10328-4","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The extensive use of chlorpyrifos (CPF) in agriculture has led to persistent soil contamination, posing serious risks to environmental and human health. Developing sustainable, in situ remediation strategies is therefore a priority. This study evaluated an integrated plant-microbe-biochar system for the remediation of CPF-contaminated soils. Indigenous CPF-degrading bacteria were isolated from agricultural soils and screened for degradation efficiency in mineral salts medium (MSM) and soil microcosms. The most efficient isolate, designated C78, was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Klebsiella pneumoniae. In MSM supplemented with 200 mg/L CPF, K. pneumoniae C78 degraded > 80% of the pesticide within 72 h. The strain also exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including indole-3-acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, and ammonia production, and retained these functions in the presence of CPF. Soil microcosm and pot experiments were conducted using Ricinus communis L. grown in soils spiked with CPF (100 and 200 mg/kg), with and without biochar amendment and bacterial inoculation. Inoculation with K. pneumoniae C78 significantly accelerated CPF dissipation compared with non-inoculated controls, and the combined treatment with biochar further enhanced degradation, leading to near-complete CPF removal within 21 days. GC–MS/MS analysis showed no accumulation of common toxic intermediates such as 3,5,6–trichloro–2–pyridinol (TCP) or DETP/TMP. Biochar amendment improved soil conditions and supported higher microbial activity, while plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere promoted seed germination, seedling vigor, biomass production, chlorophyll content, and protein levels under CPF stress. Overall, the results demonstrate that integrating CPF-degrading K. pneumoniae C78 with R. communis L. and biochar amendment constitutes a promising, eco-compatible strategy for enhancing CPF degradation and restoring the productivity of contaminated agricultural soils.
毒死蜱在农业中的广泛使用导致土壤持续污染，对环境和人类健康构成严重风险。因此，制定可持续的就地修复战略是一个优先事项。本研究评价了植物-微生物-生物炭复合修复cpf污染土壤的效果。从农业土壤中分离到原生cpf降解菌，并对其在无机盐培养基（MSM）和土壤微生物中的降解效率进行了筛选。高效分离菌株C78经16S rRNA基因测序鉴定为肺炎克雷伯菌。在添加了200 mg/L CPF的MSM中，肺炎分枝杆菌C78在72 h内降解了80%的农药。该菌株还表现出多种促进植物生长的特性，包括吲哚-3-乙酸的产生、磷酸盐的溶解和氨的产生，并在CPF存在下保持这些功能。以蓖麻（Ricinus communis L.）为试验材料，在添加CPF（100和200 mg/kg）、添加和不添加生物炭和接种细菌的土壤中进行了土壤微观和盆栽试验。与未接种对照相比，接种肺炎支原体C78显著加速了CPF的消散，并与生物炭联合处理进一步增强了降解，在21天内几乎完全去除了CPF。GC-MS/MS分析未发现常见毒性中间体如3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇（TCP）或DETP/TMP的积累。生物炭处理改善了土壤条件，支持了更高的微生物活性，而根际植物-微生物相互作用促进了CPF胁迫下种子萌发、幼苗活力、生物量产量、叶绿素含量和蛋白质水平。综上所述，将降解CPF的肺炎卡伯菌C78与r.s communis L.和生物炭改良相结合，是促进CPF降解和恢复受污染农业土壤生产力的一种有前景的生态兼容策略。
期刊介绍：
Biodegradation publishes papers, reviews and mini-reviews on the biotransformation, mineralization, detoxification, recycling, amelioration or treatment of chemicals or waste materials by naturally-occurring microbial strains, microbial associations, or recombinant organisms.
Coverage spans a range of topics, including Biochemistry of biodegradative pathways; Genetics of biodegradative organisms and development of recombinant biodegrading organisms; Molecular biology-based studies of biodegradative microbial communities; Enhancement of naturally-occurring biodegradative properties and activities. Also featured are novel applications of biodegradation and biotransformation technology, to soil, water, sewage, heavy metals and radionuclides, organohalogens, high-COD wastes, straight-, branched-chain and aromatic hydrocarbons; Coverage extends to design and scale-up of laboratory processes and bioreactor systems. Also offered are papers on economic and legal aspects of biological treatment of waste.
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