Electrolyte-Induced Compromises in Stability and Fire Safety of Ester-Based Immersed Liquid Coolant: Mechanisms and a Preliminary Exploration of Mitigation Strategies

IF 2.4 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Fire Technology Pub Date : 2026-06-26 DOI:10.1007/s10694-026-01950-y

Jinyong Ren, Jiaxin Guo, Yaohong Zhao, Yihua Qian, Dan Wang, Ying Tao, Ping Ping, Depeng Kong

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Abstract

Immersion liquid cooling has garnered significant interest in electrochemical energy storage applications owing to its superior thermal dissipation efficiency and low energy consumption. Nevertheless, the potential safety hazards induced by electrolyte leakage remain a critical concern. In the study, electrolyte was introduced into ester-based immersion liquid coolant (EIC) as an additive to systematically investigate the influence on coolant stability and fire safety. The incorporation of electrolyte significantly compromised the stability of the coolant. Notably, the acid value of the EIC composite with 4 wt% electrolyte (EIC/E-4) surged from 0.0050 to 0.0122 mg KOH/g. Moreover, the flash point and ignition point of EIC/E-4 dropped sharply by 144.9 ℃ and 26.5 ℃, underscoring a pronounced enhancement in flammability. Combustion behavior assessments further revealed a drastic increase in mass loss rate, shortened burning duration, and elevated flame height and spread area. Product analysis elucidated that the carbonate solvents and LiPF₆ in the electrolyte exerted competing combustion-alleviating and combustion-inhibiting effects, respectively. Consequently, the work provides a new perspective for the safety implications of immersion liquid cooling for large-scale energy storage systems.

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电解质对酯基浸入式液体冷却剂稳定性和消防安全的影响：机制和缓解策略的初步探索

浸没式液体冷却因其优越的散热效率和低能耗而在电化学储能应用中引起了极大的兴趣。然而，电解液泄漏引起的潜在安全隐患仍然是一个关键问题。本研究将电解质作为添加剂引入酯基浸没式液体冷却剂（EIC）中，系统研究其对冷却剂稳定性和防火安全性的影响。电解液的掺入大大损害了冷却剂的稳定性。值得注意的是，电解质浓度为4 wt%的EIC复合材料（EIC/E-4）的酸值从0.0050 mg KOH/g飙升至0.0122 mg KOH/g。EIC/E-4的闪点和着火点分别下降了144.9℃和26.5℃，可燃性明显增强。燃烧行为评估进一步表明，质量损失率急剧增加，燃烧持续时间缩短，火焰高度和蔓延面积增加。产物分析表明，电解质中的碳酸盐溶剂和LiPF6分别具有竞争性的缓燃和抑燃作用。因此，这项工作为大规模储能系统的浸没式液体冷却的安全意义提供了一个新的视角。

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来源期刊

Fire Technology 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

6.60

自引率

14.70%

发文量

137

审稿时长

7.5 months

期刊介绍： Fire Technology publishes original contributions, both theoretical and empirical, that contribute to the solution of problems in fire safety science and engineering. It is the leading journal in the field, publishing applied research dealing with the full range of actual and potential fire hazards facing humans and the environment. It covers the entire domain of fire safety science and engineering problems relevant in industrial, operational, cultural, and environmental applications, including modeling, testing, detection, suppression, human behavior, wildfires, structures, and risk analysis. The aim of Fire Technology is to push forward the frontiers of knowledge and technology by encouraging interdisciplinary communication of significant technical developments in fire protection and subjects of scientific interest to the fire protection community at large. It is published in conjunction with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE). The mission of NFPA is to help save lives and reduce loss with information, knowledge, and passion. The mission of SFPE is advancing the science and practice of fire protection engineering internationally.