Safety-critical odor identification failure and cognitive performance in older U.S. adults: a cross-sectional NHANES analysis.

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Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists Pub Date : 2026-05-29 DOI:10.1093/arclin/acag047

Soheil Yazdi

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Abstract

Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is linked to cognitive decline, but the cognitive significance of failing to identify safety-critical odors is unclear.

Method: This cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014 study examined associations between missed smoke/natural gas odors and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Animal Fluency, and Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Delayed Recall scores among 1677 adults aged ≥60 years using survey-weighted regression.

Results: After demographic and clinical adjustment, each additional missed warning odor was associated with lower DSST (β = -4.77; 95% CI: -6.78 to -2.76), Animal Fluency (β = -0.96), and CERAD scores (β = -0.68). The DSST association remained significant after adjustment for general olfactory performance (β = -4.06; p = .022). Among participants missing ≥1 warning odor, 447/511 (87.5%) reported no smell problem.

Conclusions: Safety-critical odor failure may capture cognitive information beyond global olfactory performance.

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美国老年人安全关键气味识别失败和认知表现：横断面NHANES分析。

目的：嗅觉功能障碍与认知能力下降有关，但未能识别安全关键气味的认知意义尚不清楚。方法：这项2013-2014年全国健康与营养调查的横断研究使用调查加权回归分析了1677名年龄≥60岁的成年人中遗漏的烟雾/天然气气味与数字符号替代测试（DSST）、动物流畅性和阿尔茨海默病注册协会（CERAD）延迟回忆得分之间的关系。结果：经过人口统计学和临床调整后，每多漏掉一个警告气味，DSST （β = -4.77; 95% CI: -6.78至-2.76）、动物流畅性（β = -0.96）和CERAD评分（β = -0.68）均降低。调整一般嗅觉性能后，DSST相关性仍然显著（β = -4.06; p = 0.022）。在缺少≥1种警示气味的参与者中，447/511（87.5%）报告没有气味问题。结论：安全关键气味失败可能捕获超越全局嗅觉表现的认知信息。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists

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