Potential risks of entomopathogenic biopesticides to beneficial insects.

Abstract

Entomopathogens are widely used as biopesticides and are generally considered environmentally benign, especially when compared with synthetic insecticides. In this opinion article, we argue that their potential effects on beneficial insects, including natural enemies of pests, pollinators, and detritivores, have been under-recognised. Drawing on evidence of lethal, sublethal, and behavioural impacts, we contend that these effects can weaken key ecosystem services such as biological control, pollination, and nutrient cycling. Current regulatory frameworks inadequately address these risks, particularly chronic and multi-trophic effects. We conclude with concrete recommendations for ecologically informed deployment, including optimised application timing, strain selection, and regulatory reforms that incorporate realistic exposure scenarios.