Impact of Gestational Hypothyroidism on Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Early Postnatal Period.

IF 2.1 3区医学 Q2 OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

Breastfeeding Medicine Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-06-09 DOI:10.1177/15568253261457856

Timucin Imdadoglu, Bulent Guzel, Asli Okbay Gunes, Senay Coskun, Emel Altuncu, Sirin Guven

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) provides health benefits, yet its continuation remains limited. Maternal endocrine disorders, including gestational hypothyroidism, may impair lactogenesis through hormonal dysregulation; however, evidence regarding the association between gestational hypothyroidism and breastfeeding outcomes remains limited.

Objective: To investigate the association between maternal gestational hypothyroidism and breastfeeding outcomes in term infants, with a focus on EBF at the end of the first month and formula-free breast milk feeding at 6 months.

Methods: This retrospective matched case-control study compared term infants of mothers with gestational hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine (n = 103) and matched controls (n = 103). Feeding data were obtained from medical records and 6-month telephone follow-up, and factors associated with early formula supplementation were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results: EBF rates were significantly lower in the case group at 1 month (58.3% versus 81.6%, p < 0.001). Formula supplementation within the first postnatal day was more frequent in the case group than in controls (46.6% versus 21.4%; χ² = 14.63, p < 0.001). At 6 months, formula feeding-either alone or combined with breastfeeding and/or complementary foods-was significantly more frequent in the case group (45.6% versus 25.2%, p = 0.003). Among infants who ever received formula (n = 84), formula was initiated during the first postnatal month more frequently in the case group (82.7% versus 59.4%, p = 0.018), with earlier mean age at formula initiation (1.4 ± 0.97 versus 2.3 ± 1.51 months, p = 0.003). Multivariable logistic regression showed that higher maternal gravidity was independently associated with early formula supplementation (odds ratio = 3.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.09-9.10; p = 0.033).

Conclusions: Gestational hypothyroidism was associated with lower EBF rates at 1 month and increased early formula supplementation. These findings underscore the need for targeted lactation support and careful postpartum follow-up in mothers with gestational hypothyroidism.

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妊娠期甲状腺功能减退对产后早期纯母乳喂养的影响。

背景：纯母乳喂养（EBF）提供了健康益处，但其连续性仍然有限。母体内分泌紊乱，包括妊娠甲状腺功能减退，可通过激素失调损害乳生成；然而，关于妊娠甲状腺功能减退症与母乳喂养结果之间关系的证据仍然有限。目的：探讨母亲妊娠甲状腺功能减退症与足月婴儿母乳喂养结局之间的关系，重点关注第一个月末的EBF和6个月无配方母乳喂养。方法：本回顾性匹配病例对照研究比较了用左甲状腺素治疗妊娠期甲状腺功能减退症的足月婴儿（n = 103）和匹配对照组（n = 103）。通过医疗记录和6个月的电话随访获得喂养数据，并采用多变量logistic回归分析早期配方奶粉补充的相关因素。结果：病例组1个月EBF率显著降低（58.3% vs 81.6%, p < 0.001）。病例组在出生后第一天内补充配方奶粉的频率高于对照组（46.6%比21.4%;χ2 = 14.63, p < 0.001）。在6个月时，配方奶喂养——无论是单独喂养还是与母乳喂养和/或辅食相结合——在病例组中明显更频繁（45.6%对25.2%,p = 0.003）。在曾经接受过配方奶粉的婴儿中（n = 84），病例组在出生后第一个月开始使用配方奶粉的频率更高（82.7%比59.4%,p = 0.018），开始使用配方奶粉的平均年龄更早（1.4±0.97比2.3±1.51个月，p = 0.003）。多变量logistic回归分析显示，较高的产妇妊娠与早期配方奶粉补充独立相关（优势比= 3.16；95%可信区间：1.09-9.10;p = 0.033）。结论：妊娠甲状腺功能减退与1个月时较低的EBF率和早期配方奶粉补充量增加有关。这些发现强调了有针对性的哺乳支持和产后随访对妊娠甲状腺功能减退母亲的必要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Breastfeeding Medicine OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY-PEDIATRICS

CiteScore

4.20

自引率

11.10%

发文量

130

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Breastfeeding Medicine provides unparalleled peer-reviewed research, protocols, and clinical applications to ensure optimal care for mother and infant. The Journal answers the growing demand for evidence-based research and explores the immediate and long-term outcomes of breastfeeding, including its epidemiologic, physiologic, and psychological benefits. It is the exclusive source of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine protocols. Breastfeeding Medicine coverage includes: Breastfeeding recommendations and protocols Health consequences of artificial feeding Physiology of lactation and biochemistry of breast milk Optimal nutrition for the breastfeeding mother Breastfeeding indications and contraindications Managing breastfeeding discomfort, pain, and other complications Breastfeeding the premature or sick infant Breastfeeding in the chronically ill mother Management of the breastfeeding mother on medication Infectious disease transmission through breast milk and breastfeeding The collection and storage of human milk and human milk banking Measuring the impact of being a “baby-friendly” hospital Cultural competence and cultural sensitivity International public health issues including social and economic issues.