Performance enhancement mechanism of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) blended with seawater

IF 8.7 2区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Developments in the Built Environment Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-05-28 DOI:10.1016/j.dibe.2026.100960

Menghuan Guo, Xiaohan Zhang, Ruyin Zhang, Yingwu Zhou, Chen Zhang, Junhao Zhou

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Abstract

This study investigates the hydration mechanism and microstructural evolution of limestone calcined clay cement (LC³) prepared with seawater. Results demonstrate that seawater significantly enhances compressive strength across all curing ages. At 28 days, seawater-based mixtures containing 35% and 50% LC³ exhibited strength increases of 32% and 17%, respectively, compared to deionized-water references. Mechanistic analyses reveal that seawater effectively activates the pozzolanic reaction and accelerates calcium hydroxide consumption, promoting additional C-A-S-H gel formation. Notably, in the 35% LC³ paste, seawater increased the calcium carbonate reaction degree by 115%. The resulting carboaluminate phases further react with chloride ions to form Friedel's salt, which fills pores and contributes to strength development. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of LC³ and seawater refines the pore structure by reducing the critical pore entry radius. This microstructural densification endows the binder with excellent resistance to gas and water transport, highlighting the potential for seawater-mixed LC³ in sustainable constructiont.

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石灰石煅烧粘土水泥（LC3）掺入海水增强性能机理研究

研究了海水对石灰石煅烧粘土水泥（LC3）水化机理和微观结构演化的影响。结果表明，海水显著提高了各龄期的抗压强度。28天后，与去离子水相比，含有35%和50% LC3的海水基混合物的强度分别提高了32%和17%。机理分析表明，海水有效激活火山灰反应，加速氢氧化钙消耗，促进额外的C-A-S-H凝胶形成。值得注意的是，在35% LC3的膏体中，海水使碳酸钙的反应度提高了115%。所得的碳铝酸盐相进一步与氯离子反应形成弗里德尔盐，它填充孔隙并有助于强度的发展。此外，LC3与海水的协同作用通过降低临界孔隙进入半径来细化孔隙结构。这种微观结构致密化使粘合剂具有优异的抗气体和水输送能力，突出了海水混合LC3在可持续建筑中的潜力。

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来源期刊

Developments in the Built Environment Multiple-

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

1.20%

发文量

审稿时长

22 days

期刊介绍： Developments in the Built Environment (DIBE) is a recently established peer-reviewed gold open access journal, ensuring that all accepted articles are permanently and freely accessible. Focused on civil engineering and the built environment, DIBE publishes original papers and short communications. Encompassing topics such as construction materials and building sustainability, the journal adopts a holistic approach with the aim of benefiting the community.