Fixed-switching-frequency passivity-based predictive control of DC–DC boost converters: Hardware-in-the-loop validation

Abstract

This paper employs a Fixed-Switching-Frequency Passivity-Based Model Predictive Control (FSF-PBMPC) strategy for DC/DC boost converters, combining the fast transient performance of predictive control with the robustness of passivity-based design. A Lyapunov-based analysis is provided to support local asymptotic stability around the operating equilibrium under the stated steady-state assumptions. The controller is implemented and validated through hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing using an STM32F4 microcontroller, enabling realistic real-time evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that the FSF-PBMPC maintains a fixed switching frequency of $\mathrm{10}\text{kHz}$, with output voltage ripple below 0.8% and output current ripple within 2.1% of nominal, even under significant parameter variations. Compared to conventional FSF-MPC, the used approach achieves up to 35% reduction in overshoot and 28% improvement in settling time during load and reference voltage changes. Stability is preserved despite input voltage fluctuations and passive component tolerances. These results confirm that the FSF-PBMPC strategy ensures predictable EMI behavior, improved efficiency, and strong robustness, making it a promising solution for demanding applications such as renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and aerospace converters.