Where drivers wait: Spatiotemporal hotspots and idle-location preferences of Bandung's transport SuperApp

Abstract

This study explores where and when Transportation Super Application (TSA) drivers wait for new orders in Bandung, Indonesia, by combining transaction data and driver perception surveys. Transaction data provides precise locations and timestamps of TSA services, while perception data captures driver preferences for waiting spots. Results show significant temporal differences between driver-perceived busyness and aggregate transaction volumes, pointing to a potential supply–demand mismatch during morning peak hours, though confirming a supply shortage would require per-driver metrics and data on active drivers and unserved orders. Spatially, the two sources are relatively consistent: commercial areas (shopping centers, restaurants, and food merchants) emerge as the main waiting locations, while morning and evening activity concentrates in suburban residential areas. These preliminary findings highlight the value of combining transactional and perceptual perspectives to understand driver behavior and guide further research on integrating TSA services into urban transportation systems.