Coordination mechanisms in digital rural development: An integrative systems framework and evidence from China

Abstract

Digital rural development is a complex systemic transition involving technological, social, and institutional dimensions. However, existing research often treats these dimensions in isolation, failing to explain the underlying coordination mechanisms. Adopting a systems thinking perspective, this study proposes a hierarchical framework that conceptualizes digital rural areas as three interrelated subsystems: Physical, Activity, and Strategic Management. By integrating Hierarchical Nesting Theory, the Viable System Model (VSM), and Synergetics, we analyze the coordination mechanisms regarding structure, control, and dynamics. Using China (Guangdong Province) as an empirical case, we validate the framework by synthesizing evidence from policy documents, research reports, academic literature, and 26 semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal structural misalignments, specifically: (1) the mismatch between physical infrastructure and grassroots activity needs; (2) vertical control failures caused by strategic fragmentation; and (3) the tension between rigid top-down hetero-organization and insufficient bottom-up self-organization. To address these, we develop a diagnostic framework that advocates a paradigm shift from construction-oriented to viability-oriented governance. This research contributes an integrative theoretical tool for analyzing digital rural transformation as a complex adaptive system across diverse institutional contexts.