{"title":"Ho:YAG and Thulium Fiber Laser Radiation Transmission Through Vapor Channels in Laser Lithotripsy","authors":"Kimberley Lühring, Birgit Lange, Ralf Brinkmann","doi":"10.1002/jbio.70304","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n <p>The efficiency of energy deposition during laser lithotripsy is strongly influenced by the interaction between laser radiation and the water layer between fiber tip and stone. This study investigates the transmission of holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) and thulium fiber laser (TFL) radiation through vapor channels under varying fiber-to-target distances (0.5–3 mm). Both lasers were set to deliver pulses of 1 J. The fiber was positioned in a water-filled cuvette on top of an integrating sphere to measure transmittance through different water layer thicknesses. A 580 μs, high-power (up to 7 kW) Ho:YAG laser pulse creates a vapor channel that enables continuous transmission of the laser energy to the target surface for standoff distances > 0.5 mm. With the TFL's longer (2 ms), lower peak power (500 W) pulses, repeated cycles of vaporization and bubble collapse occur, resulting in a reduced energy transmission efficiency compared to the Ho:YAG laser pulses.</p>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":184,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biophotonics","volume":"19 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Biophotonics","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbio.70304","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The efficiency of energy deposition during laser lithotripsy is strongly influenced by the interaction between laser radiation and the water layer between fiber tip and stone. This study investigates the transmission of holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) and thulium fiber laser (TFL) radiation through vapor channels under varying fiber-to-target distances (0.5–3 mm). Both lasers were set to deliver pulses of 1 J. The fiber was positioned in a water-filled cuvette on top of an integrating sphere to measure transmittance through different water layer thicknesses. A 580 μs, high-power (up to 7 kW) Ho:YAG laser pulse creates a vapor channel that enables continuous transmission of the laser energy to the target surface for standoff distances > 0.5 mm. With the TFL's longer (2 ms), lower peak power (500 W) pulses, repeated cycles of vaporization and bubble collapse occur, resulting in a reduced energy transmission efficiency compared to the Ho:YAG laser pulses.
期刊介绍：
The first international journal dedicated to publishing reviews and original articles from this exciting field, the Journal of Biophotonics covers the broad range of research on interactions between light and biological material. The journal offers a platform where the physicist communicates with the biologist and where the clinical practitioner learns about the latest tools for the diagnosis of diseases. As such, the journal is highly interdisciplinary, publishing cutting edge research in the fields of life sciences, medicine, physics, chemistry, and engineering. The coverage extends from fundamental research to specific developments, while also including the latest applications.
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