Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Emerging Strategies and Future Perspectives.

Abstract

The development of nanoparticles has led to several therapeutic approaches that address the drawbacks of traditional drug delivery, including poor transmembrane transport, short circulation times, insufficient stability and dissolution, and unfavorable toxicity. These nanosystems enhance bioavailability and reduce off-target toxicity through targeted delivery and controlled release. Recent advancements have led to the development of various nanocarriers, including polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous nanoparticles, nanotubes, dendrimers, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, nanomedicine, and synthetic nanostructures. These systems provide spatiotemporal regulation of drug release, reducing systemic exposure and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. In addition to traditional carriers, innovative approaches like stimuli-responsive nanomaterials, multifunctional systems, and theranostic platforms are advancing the field toward more intelligent, personalized therapies. These innovations include real-time monitoring, enhanced targeting, and synergistic treatment strategies that combine diagnostics with therapy. This review offers actionable guidance for researchers developing next-generation nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms with enhanced clinical relevance.