Extraction and determination of sartans: Recent advances and analytical perspectives.

Abstract

Sartans are essential antihypertensive drugs requiring reliable analytical methods for quality and efficacy monitoring. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent analytical advances for sartans, focusing on pretreatment and detection methods. For sample preparation, conventional methods like protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) have been optimized through the adoption of green solvents and automation. Emerging novel microextraction techniques including liquid phase microextraction and solid phase microextraction, in combination with advanced materials improve selectivity, especially for complex biological matrices. In the realm of detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) remains dominant, with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) (time-of-flight, orbitrap) enabling trace-level quantification and structural identification, outperforming traditional low-resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS). Emerging sensors offer rapid screening but lack MS-level multiplexing capability. The choice of methods should be based on sample complexity and analytical needs: biological samples benefit from microextraction-HRMS combinations, whereas pharmaceutical analysis may use simpler SPE-LC/MS workflows. Future directions should emphasize miniaturized, automated, and eco-friendly approaches to enhance throughput while reducing environmental impact. This review serves as a practical guide for selecting suitable strategies for the analysis of sartans across diverse analytical scenarios.