Multimodal Bioelectronics in Neuromodulation: Liquid Metals, Magnetoelectric, and High-Entropy Oxides.

Abstract

Multimodal bioelectronic materials have emerged as a promising platform for synergistic neuromodulation, addressing the increasing clinical demand for precise and safe neural interventions. This review highlights recent advances in three pivotal classes of functional materials-liquid metals, magnetoelectric coupling materials, and high-entropy oxides-that offer unique physicochemical properties and versatile fabrication techniques tailored for neural interfaces. We first discuss the clinical significance and advantages of multimodal materials in neuromodulation, followed by an in-depth analysis of the structural characteristics, synthesis methods, and neurointerface applications of these materials. Integrating the latest theoretical models and experimental findings, we elucidate how these materials enable the synergistic application of electrical, magnetic, and mechanical stimuli to enhance neuromodulation efficacy. Despite their promising potential, challenges remain in optimizing biocompatibility, long-term stability, and functional integration. Finally, we provide a forward-looking perspective on the future directions and hurdles for the deployment of multimodal bioelectronic materials in neural disease therapies and intelligent neural interfaces. This review aims to foster a deeper understanding and inspire further innovation in the interdisciplinary field of neuromodulation.