Seasonal changes in bone mineral parameters and body composition in youth football players.

Abstract

This study aimed to examine seasonal changes in bone mineral characteristics and body composition among youth football players throughout a full competitive season. A total of 60 male participants were recruited and stratified into four competitive age categories (U10, U12, U14, U16). Assessments were conducted at three key timepoints: the beginning (P1), midpoint (P2), and end (P3) of the season. Bone Mineral Content (BMC), Bone Mineral Density (BMD), lean mass, and fat mass were measured using standardized dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) procedures. Significant increases in whole-body BMC and lower limb BMC were observed at P3 compared to P1 and P2 (p < 0.01). Whole-body BMD also exhibited a significant rise at P3 relative to earlier measurements (p < 0.01). Additionally, a significant increase in the percentage of lean mass was detected from P2 to P3 (p < 0.05), accompanied by a general trend of fat mass reduction over time in all the age categories. The most pronounced and rapid improvements in bone parameters were observed in the older age categories (U14 and U16), particularly in whole-body BMC and BMD. Nonetheless, positive adaptations in bone health and body composition were evident across all age groups in football players by the end of the season. These findings describe the physiological adaptations observed during a competitive season, highlighting the musculoskeletal development that occurs in youth players during these key stages of growth.