Biological markers of aging across the menopause transition: current evidence.

Abstract

Importance and objective: Aging is a complex biological process uniquely shaped in women by hormonal transitions, particularly across the menopause transition. While chronological age alone fails to capture individual health variability, emerging molecular biomarkers offer tools to quantify biological aging and understand mechanisms underlying age-related decline. This review synthesizes the current landscape of aging biomarkers, including senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, epigenetic clocks, clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential, and telomere length, with a particular emphasis on their relevance to menopause.

Methods: This narrative review synthesizes human studies, translational research, and foundational basic science identified through PubMed searches through June 2025, examining aging biomarkers in general populations, among women in the menopause transition, and in relation to vasomotor symptoms and hormone therapy.

Discussion and conclusion: Evidence demonstrates that changes in biological aging biomarkers are observed across multiple molecular systems during midlife, including the menopause transition, reflecting broader age-related biological remodeling. Postmenopausal status, particularly following early or surgical menopause, has been associated with biological aging phenotypes, including elevated senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors, epigenetic age acceleration, clonal hematopoiesis, and shorter leukocyte telomere length, likely reflecting a combination of chronological aging, hormonal changes, and individual biological vulnerability. While severe vasomotor symptoms have been linked to higher epigenetic age, hormone therapy may favorably influence certain senescence markers and biological age discrepancy. Despite these advances, significant limitations constrain clinical translation, as current biomarkers capture overlapping biological processes and lack validated thresholds to define biological aging, especially in women. Future research requires large, longitudinal studies across diverse populations to establish clinically meaningful thresholds and sex-specific calibration. Advancing precision health strategies for women requires a better understanding of how reproductive and hormonal factors modify biomarker trajectories to improve risk prediction and to facilitate the development of targeted interventions for age-related diseases.