Light-enhanced electrochromic performance of anodically deposited Ti-doped WO3 thin films for smart window applications

IF 3.9 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Materials Science Pub Date : 2026-05-03 DOI:10.1007/s10853-026-12851-4

B. K. Mandlekar, Amar L. Jadhav, Sharad L. Jadhav, Anamika V. Kadam

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Abstract

Titanium-doped tungsten trioxide (Ti–WO₃) thin films were successfully fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates using a simple and scalable anodic electrodeposition technique. The effect of Ti incorporation on the structural, optical, electrochromic, and photo-electrochromic properties of WO₃ was systematically investigated. XRD analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of all Ti–WO₃ films, attributed to Ti⁴⁺ substitution and rapid thermal annealing, while FTIR and XPS analyses verified the successful incorporation of Ti and the presence of oxygen vacancies. Electrochemical studies revealed enhanced ion diffusion, reduced charge-transfer resistance, and improved switching kinetics with Ti doping. Notably, the optimized Ti–WO₃ (TW₂) film exhibited a high coloration efficiency of 117.66 cm² C⁻¹ under ambient conditions, which further increased to 144.23 cm² C⁻¹ under UV–Vis–IR illumination, demonstrating strong photo-electrochromic synergy. Rapid coloration (0.85 s) and bleaching (1.18 s) response times, along with excellent cycling stability (~ 87% retention over 5000 cycles), highlight the robustness of the films. The combined electrochromic and photo-electrochromic behavior, enabled by light-assisted charge carrier generation, positions anodically deposited Ti–WO₃ thin films as promising candidates for next-generation smart windows and adaptive optoelectronic devices.

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用于智能窗口应用的阳极沉积ti掺杂WO3薄膜的光增强电致变色性能

采用一种简单、可扩展的阳极电沉积技术，成功地在掺氟氧化锡（FTO）衬底上制备了掺钛三氧化钨（Ti-WO3）薄膜。系统地研究了Ti掺杂对WO3结构、光学、电致变色和光致变色性能的影响。XRD分析证实了所有Ti - wo3薄膜的无定形性质，归因于Ti4+取代和快速热退火，而FTIR和XPS分析证实了Ti的成功结合和氧空位的存在。电化学研究表明，掺钛增强了离子扩散，降低了电荷转移阻力，改善了开关动力学。值得注意的是，优化后的Ti-WO3 （TW2）薄膜在环境条件下的显色效率为117.66 cm2 C−1，在UV-Vis-IR照明下的显色效率进一步提高到144.23 cm2 C−1，表现出较强的光电致色协同作用。快速着色（0.85秒）和漂白（1.18秒）响应时间，以及出色的循环稳定性（超过5000次循环保持~ 87%），突出了薄膜的稳健性。通过光辅助电荷载流子的产生，电致变色和光致变色的结合行为使阳极沉积的Ti-WO3薄膜成为下一代智能窗口和自适应光电器件的有希望的候选者。

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来源期刊

Journal of Materials Science 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

7.90

自引率

4.40%

发文量

1297

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Materials Science publishes reviews, full-length papers, and short Communications recording original research results on, or techniques for studying the relationship between structure, properties, and uses of materials. The subjects are seen from international and interdisciplinary perspectives covering areas including metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, electrical materials, composite materials, fibers, nanostructured materials, nanocomposites, and biological and biomedical materials. The Journal of Materials Science is now firmly established as the leading source of primary communication for scientists investigating the structure and properties of all engineering materials.