Cognitive impairment in heart transplantation: prevalence, trajectories, and prognostic impact - a systematic review

Abstract

Background/Aim

Heart transplantation (HTx) represents the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure (HF). Neurological complications, particularly cognitive impairment (CI), may influence prognosis, thereby affecting the overall benefits of HTx. CI in HF is associated with disease severity, extracardiac dysfunction, and peri- or intra-operative factors such as prolonged ventilation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and systemic inflammation. However, existing studies on CI in HTx candidates are highly heterogeneous, limiting comparability and highlighting the need for a clearer understanding of its impact in both candidates and recipients.

Methods

This systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024549051) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched for studies published between 2013 and June 2025. Eligible studies assessed cognitive function in adult HF patients undergoing HTx.

Results

Of 1188 records screened, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Most cognitive studies employed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), while two used comprehensive neuropsychological batteries. Evidence confirmed that CI is common among HF and HTx populations. Incorporating cognitive status into frailty assessments enhanced prediction of adverse outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization and reduced survival. Cognitive decline was frequently observed in the immediate post-transplant period, often linked to high-dose immunosuppressive therapy and anemia, while long-term improvements were reported in attention, memory, and executive function.

Conclusions

Cognitive assessment is essential in HTx candidates, as CI has a major impact on survival. Further studies are needed to clarify long-term cognitive trajectories and the role of immunosuppressive therapy in shaping outcomes.