Bioefficacy and antioxidant enzyme-modulating potential of jellyfish (Acromitus flagellatus) venom against the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and its application in an insect-resistant biopackaging formulation

Abstract

Recent global increases in jellyfish blooms have highlighted their potential as sources of bioactive compounds. Despite generally negative perceptions, jellyfish remain largely unexplored as sources of insect pest management agents. This study evaluates the insecticidal efficacy of Acromitus flagellatus venom and its application in developing insect-resistant biofilm. Venom extracted from the marginal lappets using phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and Tris-buffered saline (TBS) was evaluated for its potential as bio-insecticidal agent against Sitophilus oryzae at 100%, 75%, and 50% concentrations. Insecticidal, repellent, and feeding-deterrent activities were assessed alongside biochemical responses linked to oxidative stress. Chitosan-based biofilms incorporating jellyfish venom, polyethylene glycol, and glutaraldehyde crosslinker were formulated at varying densities (F1–F5), with a control, and characterized for structural, physical, mechanical, and functional properties. Venom treatments exhibited significant concentration- and time-dependent increases in mortality (up to 98.33 ± 3.33%) and repellency (95.00 ± 6.38%), with the highest efficacy observed for PBS-extracted venom (p < 0.05). Feeding activity and growth rates were markedly reduced. Biochemical analyses revealed oxidative stress induction, indicated by decreased reduced GSH levels and increased GSSG, catalase, and peroxidase activities. FTIR analysis confirmed successful incorporation of venom into the chitosan matrix, while increased crosslinking improved mechanical strength and reduced film transparency. Venom-incorporated biofilms exhibited enhanced tensile strength, sustained venom release, and prolonged repellency for up to 35 days. Overall, A. flagellatus venom shows promise as a novel bio-insecticidal agent and functional additive in bio-based packaging. Future work should address compound isolation, safety evaluation, and field-level validation.