Multiple sclerosis: The role of miRNAs and their implications in cellular pathways

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis [MS] is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammatory damage to the central nervous system, leading to progressive myelin degradation and neurological impairment. MicroRNAs [miRNAs] have been identified as key regulators in MS pathogenesis, with their expression being influenced by environmental, genetic, and immunological factors. Specific miRNAs, including miR-155, miR-150, and the miR-15a/16–1 cluster, are linked to dysregulated immune responses and disease progression. Moreover, the stability of miRNAs in bodily fluids positions them as potential non-invasive biomarkers for MS diagnosis. However, despite these advancements, MS remains a complex condition that is challenging to diagnose and treat effectively. The heterogeneity of the disease and the intricate regulatory mechanisms governing miRNA expression present significant barriers to the development of targeted therapies and reliable biomarkers. This review examines the diverse functions of miRNAs in MS, emphasizing their dual role as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It discusses the distinct miRNA expression profiles identified in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients, which may contribute to improved diagnostic precision. Additionally, advancements in miRNA delivery and modulation technologies are explored as promising therapeutic strategies to restore immune balance and reduce neuroinflammation. By harnessing these insights, researchers may refine diagnostic tools and develop targeted treatments, ultimately enhancing clinical outcomes for MS patients. This review highlights the necessity for further investigation into miRNA-based approaches, advocating for continued research to fully realize their potential in advancing MS diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.