In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine alone or in combination with ketoconazole or miconazole against clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

IF 3.5 4区生物学 Q3 MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology-Sgm Pub Date : 2026-04-01 DOI:10.1099/mic.0.001701

Gianna Goldman, Domenico Santoro

{"title":"In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine alone or in combination with ketoconazole or miconazole against clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.","authors":"Gianna Goldman, Domenico Santoro","doi":"10.1099/mic.0.001701","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) and Malassezia pachydermatis (MP) are common causes of canine skin infections associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Topical products containing chlorhexidine and azoles have been utilized to treat these infections. However, a limited number of studies have assessed the interactions between chlorhexidine and azoles against SP and MP.Hypothesis/Objectives. To assess efficacy and potential additivity/synergy between chlorhexidine and azoles against clinical isolates of MP and multidrug-resistant SP (MDR-SP).Materials and Methods. A total of 30 MDR-SP and 30 MP isolates were tested using a modified broth microdilution method. Six twofold dilutions of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% miconazole nitrate and 0.15% ketoconazole were tested alone and in combination. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) concentrations were recorded, and synergy, additivity or antagonism was calculated.Result. For MDR-SP, the combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole (P=0.003) and chlorhexidine/ketoconazole (P<0.0001) resulted in lower MICs than chlorhexidine alone. Only the chlorhexidine/ketoconazole combination had lower MBCs (P=0.0071) than chlorhexidine alone. For MP, only the chlorhexidine/ketoconazole combination had lower MICs (P<0.0001) than chlorhexidine alone. Both combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole (P=0.0028) and chlorhexidine/ketoconazole (P<0.0001) resulted in lower MFCs than chlorhexidine alone. Chlorhexidine/miconazole combination showed synergy in three MDR-SP isolates, but in none of the MP isolates. Chlorhexidine/ketoconazole showed synergy for 1 out of 30 MDR-SP and 19 out of 30 MP isolates.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance. These results suggest that chlorhexidine/azole combinations are an effective topical treatment for MDR-SP and MP infections. Further studies should assess the efficacy of commercial products containing these compounds and their efficacy in vivo.","PeriodicalId":49819,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology-Sgm","volume":"172 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13128280/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Microbiology-Sgm","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001701","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) and Malassezia pachydermatis (MP) are common causes of canine skin infections associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Topical products containing chlorhexidine and azoles have been utilized to treat these infections. However, a limited number of studies have assessed the interactions between chlorhexidine and azoles against SP and MP.Hypothesis/Objectives. To assess efficacy and potential additivity/synergy between chlorhexidine and azoles against clinical isolates of MP and multidrug-resistant SP (MDR-SP).Materials and Methods. A total of 30 MDR-SP and 30 MP isolates were tested using a modified broth microdilution method. Six twofold dilutions of 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% miconazole nitrate and 0.15% ketoconazole were tested alone and in combination. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) concentrations were recorded, and synergy, additivity or antagonism was calculated.Result. For MDR-SP, the combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole (P=0.003) and chlorhexidine/ketoconazole (P<0.0001) resulted in lower MICs than chlorhexidine alone. Only the chlorhexidine/ketoconazole combination had lower MBCs (P=0.0071) than chlorhexidine alone. For MP, only the chlorhexidine/ketoconazole combination had lower MICs (P<0.0001) than chlorhexidine alone. Both combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole (P=0.0028) and chlorhexidine/ketoconazole (P<0.0001) resulted in lower MFCs than chlorhexidine alone. Chlorhexidine/miconazole combination showed synergy in three MDR-SP isolates, but in none of the MP isolates. Chlorhexidine/ketoconazole showed synergy for 1 out of 30 MDR-SP and 19 out of 30 MP isolates.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance. These results suggest that chlorhexidine/azole combinations are an effective topical treatment for MDR-SP and MP infections. Further studies should assess the efficacy of commercial products containing these compounds and their efficacy in vivo.

查看原文本刊更多论文

氯己定单用或联用酮康唑、咪康唑对临床分离的厚皮马拉色菌和耐多药假中间葡萄球菌的体外抑菌活性评价

背景。假中间葡萄球菌（SP）和厚皮马拉色菌（MP）是犬皮肤感染的常见原因，与抗菌素耐药性增加有关。局部产品含有氯己定和唑已用于治疗这些感染。然而，有限数量的研究评估了氯己定和唑类药物对SP和mp的相互作用。评估氯己定和唑类药物对临床分离的MP和耐多药SP （MDR-SP）的疗效和潜在的加性/协同作用。材料与方法。采用改良肉汤微量稀释法对30株MDR-SP和30株MP分离株进行了检测。分别对2%葡萄糖酸氯己定、1%硝酸咪康唑和0.15%酮康唑进行了单独和联合两倍稀释试验。记录最小抑制（MIC）和杀菌/杀真菌（MBC/MFC）浓度，并计算协同作用、加和性或拮抗性。对于耐多药sp，氯己定/咪康唑联用（P=0.003）和氯己定/酮康唑联用（PP=0.0071）优于单独使用氯己定。对于MP，只有氯己定/酮康唑联合用药具有较低的mic (PP=0.0028)，氯己定/酮康唑联合用药具有较低的mic （PP=0.0028）。氯己定/酮康唑对30株MDR-SP中的1株和30株MP中的19株具有协同作用。结论及临床意义。这些结果表明氯己定/唑联合治疗耐多药sp和MP感染是有效的局部治疗方法。进一步的研究应该评估含有这些化合物的商业产品的功效及其在体内的功效。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Microbiology-Sgm 生物-微生物学

CiteScore

4.60

自引率

7.10%

发文量

132

审稿时长

3.0 months

期刊介绍： We publish high-quality original research on bacteria, fungi, protists, archaea, algae, parasites and other microscopic life forms. Topics include but are not limited to: Antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance Bacteriology and parasitology Biochemistry and biophysics Biofilms and biological systems Biotechnology and bioremediation Cell biology and signalling Chemical biology Cross-disciplinary work Ecology and environmental microbiology Food microbiology Genetics Host–microbe interactions Microbial methods and techniques Microscopy and imaging Omics, including genomics, proteomics and metabolomics Physiology and metabolism Systems biology and synthetic biology The microbiome.