Evaluation of Swallowing and Tongue Strength Index in Patients With Temporomandibular Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) can affect the stomatognathic system (SS) and alter tongue performance. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate tongue strength and its relationship with swallowing function in individuals diagnosed with TMD. Fifty adults participated (32 with TMD and 18 asymptomatic controls). TMD diagnosis was established according to the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs (DC/TMD). Swallowing function was screened using the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10), and tongue strength was assessed using the Pro-Fono Lip and Tongue Pressure (PLTP) Biofeedback device. The sample had a mean age of 37.7 years and included 12 males and 38 females. Within the TMD group, 11 participants were diagnosed with myalgia, 8 with arthralgia, and 13 with both conditions. According to the EAT-10, 40 participants scored below 3, whereas 10 scored 3 or higher, indicating potential swallowing risk. Individuals with TMD exhibited significantly lower tongue strength in both the dorsum and tip compared with controls (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between sexes or age groups, and no associations were found between tongue strength and EAT-10 scores. Although self-perceived swallowing difficulties did not differ between groups, reduced tongue strength was observed in individuals with TMD, highlighting the importance of including objective tongue strength assessment in the clinical evaluation and management of these patients.