Covid-19 immunological consequences: immunological significance of viro-allergic-hygiene hypothesis.

IF 3.7 3区医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology Pub Date : 2026-04-23 DOI:10.1080/1744666X.2026.2664060

Oyepata Simeon Joseph

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Abstract

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is assumed to begin in China with a group of severe pneumonia cases. Scientist are yet to fully understand effect and long time implication of this pandemic. This study aim at assessing infection (CF1) and mortality (CF2) indices across 154 countries to clarify these disparities and explore immuno-ecological explanations.

Areas covered: One hundred and fifty four national data from WHO were normalized against the United States (CF1 = 1.0; CF2 = 1.0). Country-specific indices were calculated and grouped by WHO region. Regional means and standard deviations were generated, and comparative figures were produced to illustrate epidemiological patterns.

Expert opinion: Europe (mean CF1 = 0.688; CF2 = 0.727) and the Americas (CF1 = 0.445; CF2 = 0.705) showed the highest combined burdens. Certain countries, including Peru, Hungary, and Bosnia, recorded disproportionately elevated mortality indices (CF2 > 1.5). Africa consistently showed near-baseline values (CF1 = 0.058; CF2 = 0.073), while the Western Pacific (CF1 = 0.175; CF2 = 0.094) and South-East Asia (CF1 = 0.274; CF2 = 0.175) demonstrated low mortality. The viro-allergy-hygiene hypothesis offers a plausible explanation, suggesting that repeated microbial exposures, endemic infections, and trained immunity recalibrate host responses and mitigate severe outcomes.

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Covid-19免疫学后果：病毒-过敏-卫生假说的免疫学意义。

导语：2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行假定始于中国的一组重症肺炎病例。科学家们还没有完全了解这次大流行的影响和长期影响。本研究旨在评估154个国家的感染（CF1）和死亡率（CF2）指数，以澄清这些差异并探索免疫生态学解释。覆盖地区：将世卫组织154个国家的数据与美国进行标准化（CF1 = 1.0; CF2 = 1.0）。按世卫组织区域计算和分组具体国家指数。产生了区域平均值和标准偏差，并产生了比较数字，以说明流行病学模式。专家意见：欧洲（平均CF1 = 0.688; CF2 = 0.727）和美洲（CF1 = 0.445; CF2 = 0.705）的综合负担最高。某些国家，包括秘鲁、匈牙利和波斯尼亚，记录了不成比例的高死亡率指数（cf21.5）。非洲始终显示接近基线值（CF1 = 0.058; CF2 = 0.073），而西太平洋（CF1 = 0.175; CF2 = 0.094）和东南亚（CF1 = 0.274; CF2 = 0.175）的死亡率较低。病毒-过敏-卫生假说提供了一个合理的解释，表明反复的微生物暴露、地方性感染和训练过的免疫可以重新调整宿主的反应，减轻严重的后果。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology IMMUNOLOGY-

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

2.30%

发文量

221

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Expert Review of Clinical Immunology (ISSN 1744-666X) provides expert analysis and commentary regarding the performance of new therapeutic and diagnostic modalities in clinical immunology. Members of the International Editorial Advisory Panel of Expert Review of Clinical Immunology are the forefront of their area of expertise. This panel works with our dedicated editorial team to identify the most important and topical review themes and the corresponding expert(s) most appropriate to provide commentary and analysis. All articles are subject to rigorous peer-review, and the finished reviews provide an essential contribution to decision-making in clinical immunology. Articles focus on the following key areas: • Therapeutic overviews of specific immunologic disorders highlighting optimal therapy and prospects for new medicines • Performance and benefits of newly approved therapeutic agents • New diagnostic approaches • Screening and patient stratification • Pharmacoeconomic studies • New therapeutic indications for existing therapies • Adverse effects, occurrence and reduction • Prospects for medicines in late-stage trials approaching regulatory approval • Novel treatment strategies • Epidemiological studies • Commentary and comparison of treatment guidelines Topics include infection and immunity, inflammation, host defense mechanisms, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, anaphylaxis and allergy, systemic immune diseases, organ-specific inflammatory diseases, transplantation immunology, endocrinology and diabetes, cancer immunology, neuroimmunology and hematological diseases.