Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and management.

IF 10.6 1区医学 Q1 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

Cardiovascular Diabetology Pub Date : 2026-04-29 DOI:10.1186/s12933-026-03177-1

Stanislovas S Jankauskas, Klara Komici, Fahimeh Varzideh, Luigi Simone Aversa, Urna Kansakar, Maria Luisa D'Onghia, Shivangi Pande, Pasquale Mone, Gaetano Santulli

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a multisystem condition integrating metabolic dysfunction, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease into a unified framework. CKM syndrome encompasses progressive metabolic derangements, renal injury, and cardiovascular remodeling, which interact to amplify morbidity and mortality. Lifestyle interventions (including structured weight loss, dietary modification, physical activity, and sleep optimization) form a cornerstone of prevention and management. Pharmacologic strategies targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and lipid-lowering therapies provide additional multisystem benefits. In this comprehensive review, we systematically examine the most updated evidence on CKM syndrome, in terms of pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic strategies. We also highlight future research directions and precision medicine approaches.

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心血管-肾-代谢综合征：病理生理学、流行病学、诊断和管理的综合综述。

心血管肾代谢综合征（CKM）是一种代谢功能障碍、慢性肾脏疾病（CKD）和心血管疾病为一体的多系统疾病。CKM综合征包括进行性代谢紊乱、肾损伤和心血管重塑，这些相互作用会增加发病率和死亡率。生活方式干预（包括有组织的减肥、饮食调整、身体活动和睡眠优化）是预防和管理的基石。针对肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统、钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂、胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂和降脂疗法的药理学策略提供了额外的多系统益处。在这篇全面的综述中，我们从病理生理学、流行病学、临床表现、诊断评估和治疗策略等方面系统地研究了CKM综合征的最新证据。我们也强调了未来的研究方向和精准医学的方法。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Cardiovascular Diabetology 医学-内分泌学与代谢

CiteScore

12.30

自引率

15.10%

发文量

240

审稿时长

1 months

期刊介绍： Cardiovascular Diabetology is a journal that welcomes manuscripts exploring various aspects of the relationship between diabetes, cardiovascular health, and the metabolic syndrome. We invite submissions related to clinical studies, genetic investigations, experimental research, pharmacological studies, epidemiological analyses, and molecular biology research in this field.