CD27 Neutralization Attenuates Rheumatoid Arthritis by Suppressing.

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and destruction. Identifying novel therapeutic targets is crucial for improving RA treatment. This study aimed to identify immune-related biomarkers in RA and investigate the potential of CD27 as a therapeutic target. We employed bioinformatics analysis of gene expression data from RA patients and healthy controls (GSE55457), followed by machine learning approaches (LASSO regression and Boruta algorithm) to identify potential biomarkers. Findings were validated in an independent dataset (GSE55235). The therapeutic potential of CD27 neutralization was evaluated in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. Mechanisms were explored through quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA, and flow cytometry to assess T cell subsets, cytokine profiles, and signaling pathways. Bioinformatics analysis identified 714 differentially expressed genes, and machine learning analyses identified CD27, CD24, TNFRSF4, and PDCD1LG2 as potential RA biomarkers, all demonstrating strong diagnostic performance. CD27 showed significant positive correlations with T lymphocyte infiltration. In the CIA model, CD27 neutralization significantly reduced arthritis severity scores. This therapeutic effect was associated with suppression of Th1 responses, evidenced by significantly decreased serum levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, TNF-α) and reduced CD4 + IFN-γ + cell populations, while Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-5) remained largely unaffected. Mechanistically, CD27 neutralization attenuated phosphorylation of AKT and NF-κB p65 in vivo, while p38 MAPK remained unchanged. In vitro, recombinant CD27 protein stimulation of naive CD4 + T cells promoted Th1-biased differentiation, increasing CD4 + IFN-γ + cells and enhancing the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and AKT. Our study identifies CD27 as a potential therapeutic target in RA. CD27 neutralization attenuates arthritis severity by suppressing Th1 responses, possibly through modulation of AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. These findings provide new insights into RA pathogenesis and suggest CD27 as a promising target for RA treatment.