Recent advances in marine biomimetic antifouling technology based on microstructured surfaces inspired by aquatic organisms

Abstract

Marine biofouling poses a significant challenge to the marine industry, resulting in substantial economic losses due to increased drag, corrosion, and higher maintenance costs in shipping, aquaculture, and offshore infrastructure. Conventional antifouling coatings exhibit poor durability and pose environmental risks due to their inherent toxicity. With increasing environmental awareness and sustainability demands, research has shifted toward eco-friendly alternatives combining durability with nontoxic mechanisms. Bioinspired antifouling strategies have emerged as a transformative solution over the past decade, particularly in microstructural surface designs that mimic of the surfaces of aquatic organisms such as shark skin, lotus leaves, and coral surfaces. This paper reviews the biochemical formation mechanisms and adverse effects of marine biofouling, systematically examines various bionic antifouling strategies inspired by aquatic organisms, advances in biomimetic microstructural fabrication and performance limitations of single-mechanism approaches in dynamic marine environments. Current challenges—such as reconciling mechanical robustness with cost-effective scalability—are critically analyzed. A key conclusion is the necessity of multifunctional synergy: combining mechanical, chemical, and biological antifouling strategies to address the limitations of individual bionic antifouling technologies. This review outlines future research directions for biomimetic microstructures, leveraging artificial intelligence to optimize structural design, establish a multifunctional collaborative platform integrating diversified biomimetic strategies, and enable on-demand fabrication of long-lasting, cost-effective antifouling coatings. It is anticipated that this work will provide valuable insights for developing efficient, durable, and environmentally sustainable marine antifouling coatings.