Construction of Indolines From Tryptamine and Tryptophol Derivatives Through Dearomatative Strategies

Abstract

The dearomatization of tryptamine and tryptophol derivatives has emerged as a key strategy for building structurally intricate and biologically important indoline compounds. The employment of multifaceted approaches, including electrochemical, photocatalytic, transition‐metal‐catalyzed, organocatalytic, and biocatalytic methods, has enabled the efficient assembly of indoline architectures ranging from fused tricyclic and spirocyclic to tetracyclic and polycyclic frameworks. Progress in asymmetric catalytic technologies, especially through the utilization of chiral phosphoric acids, phase‐transfer catalysts, and metal/ligand cooperative systems, has markedly improved enantioselective control, offering robust means for the accurate synthesis of natural products and drug candidates. Green synthesis principles are gaining prominence, as electrochemical and photochemical approaches circumvent conventional oxidants, thereby minimizing byproduct generation and waste output. This review comprehensively surveys advances from 2019 to 2025, highlighting representative cases of diverse bond formation patterns and scaffold‐building methodologies, with the objective of supplying both a theoretical foundation and practical references for future indoline design and synthesis.