Eco-Engineered Perovskite Solar Cell Technology: Scalable Fabrication, Lifecycle and Field Ready Renewable Innovations

Abstract

Perovskite materials have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional silicon in solar cell technology due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties, tunable bandgap, low-temperature processability, and suitability for lightweight and flexible device architectures. This review provides a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the perovskite-based solar cell landscape, with particular emphasis on eco-friendly fabrication approaches, crystallization control, defect passivation, and compositional engineering which influence device efficiency and operational stability. Recent progress in green solvent systems, scalable deposition methods, and interface engineering is systematically examined in relation to large-area manufacturing feasibility and practical device integration. Beyond performance enhancement, the review also highlights key challenges, including long-term operational stability, environmental impact, lead toxicity, and degradation pathways. In addition, life cycle assessment, recycling methods, and circular economy-based recovery strategies are discussed to identify sustainable routes for large-scale deployment. The role of predictive design approaches, including theoretical modeling and data-driven materials discovery, is also explored as a powerful means to accelerate the development of efficient and environmentally responsible perovskite solar cells. Overall, this review consolidates recent advancements and outlines critical future directions for transitioning perovskite solar cells from laboratory-scale research to commercially viable and sustainable energy technologies.