The Relationship Between Positive Childhood Experiences and Emotional Disorders: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Childhood experiences shape emotional development across the lifespan. While extensive research has focused on the negative impact of adverse childhood experiences, recent work highlights the potential of positive early experiences to support resilience and mental health. However, findings on their impact on emotional disorders remain mixed. This meta-analysis examines the relationship between positive childhood experiences and emotional disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, and explores potential moderators explaining variability across studies.

Twenty-eight studies were included in this meta-analysis. Eligible studies were required to assess positive childhood experiences in relation to depression or anxiety, report empirical quantitative data, and be peer-reviewed. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to account for variability across studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran’s Q and I²; publication bias was evaluated via funnel plots, the trim-and-fill method, and Egger’s test. Meta-regression examined continuous moderators (mean age, study quality, mean ACEs, female percentage), while subgroup analyses explored categorical ones.

A significant negative association was found between positive childhood experiences and emotional disorders, with pooled effect sizes indicating significant associations for both depression and anxiety. Significant heterogeneity was observed. Meta-regressions indicated that the protective effect of positive experiences attenuated with age and decreased in studies with higher methodological quality.

Findings support the adaptive role of positive childhood experiences in emotional disorders, with higher experiences linked to lower depression and anxiety. Interventions aimed at strengthening supportive environments in childhood could play a key role in reducing the long-term risk of depression and anxiety.