Mini Review: Renewable Energy Revolution—Transforming Resources with Power-to-X

Abstract

Fossil fuel combustion remains the dominant driver of global greenhouse gas emissions. This study thoroughly examines the “power-to-X (PtX) concept,” highlighting its potential to reduce carbon emissions and serve as an attractive alternative to fossil fuel consumption. Various forms of PtX, including power-to-hydrogen (PtH), power-to-ammonia (PtA), and power-to-methanol (PtM), were examined based on their production techniques. The limitations of PtX power plants, including costs, efficiency, and transportation, were discussed. The significance of national and global policies, particularly in providing proper funding to enhance the techniques used in PtX, has been highlighted. We conclude with policy and system-integration levers (carbon pricing, offtake, certification) required to scale PtX.