The Intensification–Extensification Dynamic: Hybrid Work and Digital Connectivity

Abstract

This article examines how remote and hybrid work reshape the spatio-temporal organisation of labour through the dynamics of intensification and extensification. Drawing on three waves of survey data, each with over 1000 participants during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside longitudinal interviews with 90 participants, the analysis shows that information and communication technology (ICT)-driven intensification undermines wellbeing by generating work–life conflict. Extensification – the temporal, spatial and psychological diffusion of work – both enables and is reinforced by intensification. Gendered differences emerge, especially for women with care roles who experience greater cumulative burdens once hybrid work becomes established. Material resources, such as housing and digital infrastructure, can also stratify experiences. The article concludes that ICT-enabled hybrid work produces a new spatio-temporal regime in which intensification and extensification interact to deepen inequalities.