Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in peripheral nerve injuries in horses

Abstract

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) in horses represent a significant clinical challenge, frequently associated with functional deficits and reduced athletic performance. Conventional therapeutic approaches, primarily based on anti-inflammatory treatments and rehabilitation, offer limited efficacy, driving the search for innovative alternatives. In this context, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have gained attention for their robust paracrine activity, which underlies their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative effects. In vitro studies demonstrate that equine MSCs can transdifferentiate into Schwann-like cells and neural-like cells, further expanding their therapeutic potential. However, in vivo applications remain poorly explored, with few studies available in horses and divergent outcomes that may have been influenced by differences in injury type, dosage and route of administration. Thus, this perspective critically examines the available knowledge, highlighting key advances, ongoing challenges and future directions needed to support the safe and effective implementation of MSC-based therapies in equine PNI.