High crystalline biocompatible hydroxyapatite derived from biowaste of turkey for efficient photodegradation of congo red and its cytotoxic response towards HEPG2 cell line

Abstract

As an essential inorganic component of all vertebrate organisms is Hydroxyapatite, it is used in wide range of applications because of its bioactivity and biocompatibility properties. The development of hydroxyapatite has continuously pioneered by its extraction from new sources. In the present study, a simple calcination process was used to successfully extract hydroxyapatite biomaterial from the humerus bone part of the turkey. The formation of bone derived hydroxyapatite material, crystallite size and other crystallographic parameters is confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, RAMAN and FTIR confirm the formation of hydroxyapatite by presence of functional groups. Irregular shaped hydroxyapatite particles with signature of Ca and P is observed from SEM-EDS analysis. The optical characteristics were determined through the utilization of UV-vis and photoluminescence studies. To reveal the environmental application, Hydroxyapatite is used as photocatalyst for the degradation of Congo red dye. Photocatalytic experiment was carried out for two different dye concentrations (2ppm & 5ppm) and BHAp concentrations (0.025 g & 0.05 g) and their corresponding degradation kinetics using Pseudo first order kinetic model were also studied. In addition, In Vitro cytotoxicity was performed for extracted hydroxyapatite biomaterial against liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and MTT assay showed excellent cytotoxicity against the cancer cells with IC₅₀ value of 56.25 µg/ml. Therefore, collective findings suggest that the turkey bone derived hydroxyapatite (BHAp) material is a nontoxic, bioactive material has the potential to be used as a photocatalyst for wastewater treatment and in biomedical applications.